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13–3. Историческая и политическая лексика |
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Review the vocabulary below before reading the text. |
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| вероисповедание |
religious faith |
| воинская повинность |
obligatory military service |
| «кровавый навет» |
“blood libel” |
| местечкo |
shtetl (a Jewish settlement ) |
| образование |
education |
| общниа |
community |
| погром |
riot, pogrom (usually anti-Semitic) |
| погромщик |
rioter |
| помещик |
landowner (noble) |
| постановление |
decree, order |
| раздел (Польши) |
partition (of Poland) |
| распоряжение |
direction, instruction |
| сословие |
social class or estate |
| ратовать за что |
to advocate, fight for |
| Талмуд |
Talmud—commentaries on the Mishnah, which are commentaries on the Torah |
| Tора |
Torah—first five books of the Hebrew Bible, sacred Jewish text |
| указ |
decree, order |
| хедер |
Cheder (transliterated from Hebrew), Kheder (transliterated from Russian)—Yiddish word for a Jewish school |
| черта оседлости |
Pale of Settlement: area in Russian Empire where Jews were allowed to live without special dispensation. Residence by Jews outside this area, without special permission, was forbidden by Russian law (there were Jews who had this permission) |
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13–4. Вводные слова, союзы, риторические средства |
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The words and phrases below are important devices that are commonly used to organize discourse. The more of them you remember, the easier it will be for you to understand the text. |
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| благодаря кому-чему |
thanks to, owing to, due to |
| в дальнейшем |
in the future |
| в конце концов |
ultimately, in the end |
| в некоторых случаях |
in some (certain) cases |
| в три раза больше, чем … |
three times larger than |
| в частности |
in part |
| в эти (же) годы |
in those years |
| весьма |
very |
| вместе с тем |
together with |
| во многом |
in many ways |
| впервые |
for the first time |
| впоследствии |
subsequently |
| всё больше и больше |
more and more, ever larger |
| всячески |
in every possible way |
| зачастую |
often, frequently |
| именно |
precisely |
| как…, так и… |
emphasizing two different things: as… as… |
| как правило |
as a rule |
| начиная с чего |
beginning with |
| не только, … но даже |
not only …, but even |
| необходимо |
essential, unavoidable |
| несмотря на что |
despite |
| однако |
however |
| по отношению к кому-чему |
in relation to, relative to |
| поначалу |
at first |
| поскольку |
inasmuch as |
| приводить/привести к чему |
to lead to |
| причём |
in which connection, at that, moreover |
| следует отметить |
one should note, it is appropriate to note |
| со стороны кого-чего |
from someone’s perspective |
| так |
thus, so |
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